Influences of Immigration to the UK, and the Impact

Influences of Immigration to the UK, and the Impact1.1 OverviewThe dissertation aims to thoroughly investigate the master(prenominal) influencing factors that do inspire practised manpower from Bangladesh to immigrate to some other(a)(a) countries specially to first world countries. Simultaneously, the dissertation alike purposes to identify, analyse and establish the conditional relation of the ultimate impact of much(prenominal) migration on the rustic, nonably on its melodic phrase ventures.The economy of Bangladesh is exceedingly dependent on the export of human resources and inappropriate exchange associated with their remittance. However, there has been a signifi basist change in the world(prenominal) get the picture market in re cen clip times collectable to a demand for clever and educated manpower, which is wherefore Bangladesh is now facing fixed competition from new entrants much(prenominal) as Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal in this traditional market. tour Bangladesh government is severe to create ball-hawking workers and export them, highly expert professionals atomic number 18 now with the changed scenarios migrating in meetings leaving their positions va placet, which is a great push for the government. Due to such migration, government of Bangladesh as considerably as confidential organizations ar lacking sufficient and trained high-skilled professionals to fulfil their vacant positions and lastly suffering from mismanagement.As is the scenario, Bangladesh is a third-world country located in the to the south Asia, where near half of the state make ups under the extreme poverty hound announced by the UN. Being a poor and over inhabit country, the country is now only a develop unrivalled and new- take on civic facilities here in this country atomic number 18 therefore al intimately absent or insufficient. The country badly lacks in providing most rudimentary needs such as nourishment, ho utilize and tr eatment and let only when education, security, and welfargon. In spite of remarkable reaping in the GDP, per capita in sustain is only slightly $300 in the country. Besides, with the social dis set out, political unrest and ever change magnitude violence in the society, only a few wad hold up real wish to live here. Above all, environmental threat such as desertification, sea-level functioningion, seasonal change and natural disasters etc. sum up fuel in them to jump off the country. It is warned that if the continual rise in the world-temperature carries on, almost a-third of the country kick in go under water supply with the rise in the sea-level by 2040. Eventually, citizens of all walks of the country are migration-oriented and each course of study, a lot of wad shift themselves to the richer countries in recite to avail themselves of the economic and social opportunities. However, m whatever others migrate to be with their family members who hit already migrate d to other countries. Education, being a nonher(prenominal) reason for leaving country, is overly responsible for international migration as once students go abroad to betroth their studies, they ultimately settle there and do not bother to return. However, these migrations gull a huge impact on the country especially on its smooth supply of killed workforce in a number of sectors due to deserting many positions all on a sudden. Eventually, diverse sectors suffer more than lacking proper manpower. It is a fact that in Bangladesh, there are nearly 150 millions of people, plainly no full people in the right hind end due the shortage of proper training and browse migration.1.2 RationaleIn their election manifesto, mavin of the cardinal braggart(a)st political parties, Bangladesh Awami League, clear announced that short, medium and long bourne forges will be made and implemented for poverty reduction, efficient management for quick industrialization that can provide empl oyment, speedy expansion of stock market, of importtenance of law ensnare and discipline, elimination of bribe and corruption and administrative difficulties, avoidance of political influence, macrocosm of an investment friendly environment and a competitive market system, acceptance of innovative technology, and provision of infrastructural facilities that are able to attract entrepreneurs and expand domesticated market.In order to encourage investment by local and distant entrepreneurs and expatriate due east Pakistanis, the ONE-STOP facility will be made effective by simplifying legal and procedural formalities. Measures will be put in buns to protect indigenous industries.Development of IT industry, streng soing of RMG and textile sectors and expansion of food processing, pharmaceuticals, leather, chemical products, toys, jewellery and furniture industries will be prone priority. additional initiative will be taken for alternative persona of jute and to make jute in dustry viable. Small and handicraft industries and agro-based industry will be promote and will be given all co exercise in the expansion of markets at home and abroad. Expansion in tourism sector, increase in labour export, and investment of remittance received from expatriate East Pakistanis in productive sectors will be ensured.All above targets and look implementations need sufficiently skilled, highly educated and fetchd workforce. However, once the present government started implementation procedure, they occupy been facing the problem of not having the right people in the right place in almost all sectors due to frequent migration which is why both the government and private organizations are now looking into the rationale of the frequent migrations of their employees that has been affecting their targets terribly.According to Office for National Statistics (UK) report on International Migration, Bangladesh, being one of the smallest countries in the world, is one of the top 10 countries of migrants (Source Table C(ii) Top 10 countries of last of next residence of migrants who are non-British citizens, IPS only, two hundred52006 combined). therefore, it is indeed justified to study the reasons of skilled peoples in-migration from Bangladesh and its effects and aftereffects on organizations while they are recruiting senior especially officials for project implementation.1.3 The query QuestionsThe grassroots aims of the look into top dogs are establish motivating factors that lead story thousands of people over the world leave their homeland e precise year to journey to the other countries from their countries of origins. They simultaneously aim at establishing the deep-rooted impacts of such migration on companies, organizations and recruiters in their recruitment leaving long- limit significance on the country. They interrogation questions are utter be rendertime.1. Do Bangladeshi people leave their native country?The very first question aims to establish a general trend among Bangladeshi people i.e. skilled workforce first from forecast to find out its way to accumulate more unambiguous secondary data to be processed based on other prime and secondary data put up in the germane(predicate) field.2. why do they plan to leave their native country?The second question aims to establish typical reasons for Bangladeshi skilled employees to leave their jobs and migrate to other countries. It besides aims to organize the factors sequentially from more obvious to less find out the burning issues with employees on the job(p) in the country.3. What factors lead skilled and educated employees to plan their migrations?The third question is a less general one concentrating on only educated and skilled employees to demonstrate their motivational factors to migration to a different country.4. How does it impact recruitment process?The final question is the core one that will seek out to demonstrate all positive and shun i mpacts of such migration on the recruitment process as well as the country. It will determine the impacts that skilled-workers migrations can ca map and will be for the most part answered using processed data supplied by different agencies, organizations and recruiters. Firstly, all legitimate data from individuals will help us here to identify the relevant respondents perspectives and then finally secondary data will assist them to intensify. possiblenessThe hypotheses for the dissertation are as follows.H 1.A lot of Bangladeshi people migrate from their country.H 2.Mostly skilled and educated people are migrating from the country.H 3.Employed people who are not quenched with their salaries and/or other opportunities are migrating.H 4.Those skilled employees are migrating to developed 1st world countries that beckon break facilities.H 5.The studyity of the migrating people are deserting their positions in Bangladesh.H 6.This migration is affecting the recruitment process in Bangladeshi a lot.1.4 Definition of Related TermsIn the very beginning of the discussion, it is really burning(prenominal) to define the wrong that are engraft in the topic. As we see in the topic, the discussions migration, employees, employers and recruitment as well as their related terms are to be delineate for better presentation. It is to be posterd that the terms are some(a)times replaced by their synonyms which are given below just after their definitions.1.5.1 MigrationDifferent organizations absorb defined the word in various slipway. According to the United Nations, it is merely a transfer lasting more than one year (Anna Karenina The Brain-drain in Lithuania, p10).However, there are more appropriate definitions of the word are embed which are appended below. The web-based definitions of the word are (http//wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=migration) (n) migration (the movement of persons from one country or locality to another) (n) migration (a conferen ce of people migrating together especially in some given time period) (n) migration ((chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or ancestor from one place to another within a molecule) S (n) migration (the nightly passage of conventions of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding)A fool, online thesaurus defines it like the following (http//www.thefreedictionary.com/migrationNoun1. migration the movement of persons from one country or locality to anotherRelated terms transportation, out-migration, expatriation migration from a place (especially migration from your native country in order to settle in another) immigration, in-migration migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)movement, move, motion the act of changing location from one place to another police controlled the motion of the ring the movement of people from the farms to the cities his mov e put him directly in my raceway2. migration a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period) people (plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively old people there were at least 200 people in the audienceThe synonyms of the word are immigration, wandering, journey, voyage, travel, movement, shift, trek, deportation, roving, and expatriation.One of the commonest definitions of the word is as follows.Migration the movement of persons from one country or locality to another (http//www.wordreference.com/definition/migration)What migration refers, however, can be divided into two eccentrics. One is deportation and the other immigration. Emigration typically refers to the process of people leaving a nation (Adler and Gielen) . On the other hand, immigration is the process that involves people first appearance and settling in a country or region to which one is not native (The Free Dictionary) . Secondly, employees refer to t he persons involved in doing any job or paid work under any authority. The term employee is defined as a worker who is hired to perform a job (wordnetweb) while an employer is a person or firm that employs workers (wordnetweb) .Finally, the term recruitment refers to the process of screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm, or for a vacancy or the process or art of finding candidates for a post in an organization, or of recruits for the armed forces .External recruitment is the process of attracting and selecting employees from outside the organization.1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe main objective of the dissertation is to examine the overall perspective of international migration of skilled people from Bangladesh. Simultaneously, it aims at examining the influences on recruitment process due to such migration.2. Introduction to Literature ReviewIt is a fact that literature critical review is one of the most important components of any enquiry being undertaken. The basic aim of the review is to spot or identify the current status or state of the investigation in relevant field. It similarly facilitates the facts and findings of others working in the same field by providing some invaluable terra firma breeding and statistics. 2.1 Brief History of Migration in BangladeshIn this globalized world, the annual growth rate of the global migration change magnitude from 1.2 per cent in 1965-1975 to 3 per cent in early 2000 (Abella, 2002). The increase in the movement of workers is indicative of increased employment opportunity in the global market.One and the same, since its inception in 1971, from Bangladesh, one of the major(ip) emigrating countries in the world, migration has enabled many people to obtain productive, fulfilling and reliable work. However, for many others, it has failed to provide jobs of acceptable quality. Yet, each year a magnanimous number of people voluntarily migrate overseas for both long- and sh ort-run employment.The earliest immigrants from the British-ruled Indian province of Bengal arrived in first-world countries during the late nineteenth century. They come with a small number of retired British Indian officers as all servants or workmen.During the independence of India in 1947, the old Bengal was split, and its Muslim-dominated eastern part became atomic number 99 Pakistan and following a struggle for independence Bangladesh separated from Pakistan in 1971. in spite of political independence, and development of a clothes and textiles industry, Bangladeshis experienced a low standard of living which is why people started to seek a better life elsewhere. Thus the trend to immigrate among Bangladeshis started since the inception of the country.During the independence war, the operation of the Pakistani military in East Pakistan in 1971 ca economic consumptiond an estimated 8 to 10 million refugees to cross the border into India in one of the great aggregate movemen ts of modern times. Apart from the above, since 80s educated youth, skilled workers and executives, and unskillful workers extradite been migrating from the country in regular basis, mainly migrated to the Middle East and other regions. Additionally, Bangladesh endure also lost some highly skilled members of the work force to atomic number 74ern Europe and North America. As time has progressed, the country experienced more migration of skilled employees to somewhere. During the past year, 370,000 Bangladeshis retain found employment in Malaysia. It has been learnt that a further 100,000 may also be able to go within this year. This recent Reuters article places most Bangladeshi migrant workers in the Middle East, US, UK, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore (The Migration and Remittances Factbook 2008). In fact, migration to other exploitation countries is more prevalent than it is thought. Mr. Dilip Ratha and William Shaw have estimated in a World lingo Working Pa per taking Bangladesh and India for example that Bilateral migration data estimates show 50 million skilled people born in Bangladesh live in outside. The New Nation reported recently that some 370,000 Bangladeshis have found employment in Malaysia and about 100,000 are expected to plug into them this year.Increasingly, immigration policies of developed countries tend to favour the entry of skilled workers, meridian substantial concerns among sending countries. Among many others, the first concern is that a high skilled content of migration is found to be associated with a swallow black market of remittances and second, there is little evidence suggesting that raising the skill composition of migration has a positive effect on the educational achievements in the home country.2.2 proceeds of MigrantsLocated in the north-eastern part of South Asia, Bangladesh lies mingled with 2034 and 2636 north latitude and 8801 and 92 41 east longitudes. These picturesque geographical bound aries frame a low be plain of about 1,47,570 sq. km criss-crossed by innumerable rivers and streams having population of about 120 million which makes it the eighth populous country of the world.As is stated before, the country is has been experiencing immigrated people since its inception and the rates of the university-educated peoples immigration tend to be higher than for the general population in developing countries. This is stock-still greater for scientists, engineers, and members of the medical profession.In South Asia, the tertiary-educated peoples emigration rate from the region is more than 100 times greater than native or secondary educated people. In 2005, total stock of emigration from Bangladesh was 4,885,704, which was 3.4% percent of the population. Among all emigrating countries in the world, the country placed 5th in that year, whereas in the year 2000, it was not in the top 10 careen of tertiary educated emigration incline.2.3 Top DestinationsIn 2005, by a rough estimate, two of every five migrants on the globe were residing in a developing country. Most of these migrants are likely to have come from other developing countries. The extent and issues surrounding migration between developing countries, however, rest poorly understood, gargantuanly because data on migration in developing countries are incomplete and unreliable. However, as far as the finis is concern, Bangladeshi emigrants have been regularly emigrated to a selected list of countries. According to situateresources.worldbank.org, the 10 top destination countries of Bangladeshi emigrants in 2005 were India, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, United States, Oman, Italy, Canada, Singapore, Rep. of Korea, and Malaysia. However, the UN Population atom differs a bit. As per them, the top Immigration Countries are the US, Russia, Germany, Ukraine, France, Saudi Arabia, Canada, India, U.K., Spain, Australia, Pakistan, U.A.E, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Cote dIvoire, Jordan, Japan , Iran, Singapore, West Bank Gaza, Ghana, Kuwait, Switzerland, Malaysia, Netherlands, Argentina, Tur act as out, and Uzbekistan. The following bar graph shows the details relating to those counties immigration excogitation in 2005.3. Introduction to MethodologyIn order to provide a complete up-to-date analysis, both secondary and primary winding researches were carried out. A variant of methods were considered to find the most suitable ones collecting the precise types of data.3.1 standby inquirySecondary research normally denotes an activity whereby no new original data is hoard but where the research project draws an existing sources alone. Secondary data can be seen as books, journals, statistical reports from government and other document . In order to access relevant data, it was essential to use a smorgasbord of different sources of teaching. Majority of time was fagged in learning resource centre at Thames Valley University where possible to gain access not only t o textbooks, but also to a variety of magazines, journals and online databases. Very useful were search engines like EBOSCOhost and Emerald, which can pull info from a range of academic sources. Some time was also spent in Ealing Library browsing through additional text. A enormous amount of articles found was Bangladeshi Language therefore a ordinary amount of time was spent on translation of those texts.3.2 Primary ResearchThe aim of the primary research is to seek the answer to one the key questions of this dissertationWhat are the main factors/motivators affecting the decision of highly skilled labour to migrate form Bangladesh?It is very important to select the most adequate and reliable primary data collection methods. Various ways of collecting data will be discussed in this chapter as well aswhy have been chosen or declined or proper(postnominal) information collection.Primary research generally refers to that research which involves the collection of original data using an accepted research methodology.3.2.1 Types of ResearchThere are two different types of research qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, first of all it is important to make distinction between these two types of research methods. According to Clarck, Riley, Wilkie and woods (2003) qualitative techniques rely on the skills of the police detective as an interrogateer in forum data whereas quantities methods place reliance upon the research instruments employed to gather data and analyse it.According to Jennings (2001) qualitative data is based on textual representations of the phenomenon under study, often referred to as phenomenological apostrophize. Qualitative or inductive research commences in the empirical social world, where data about the phenomenon are gathered, and then analysed and theoretical constructions are generated. Research that utilise a qualitative methodology draws on data collection methods such as role player annotations, in-depth interviews, rig str uctured interviews, boldness studies and focus groups. Veal (1992) argues that data could also be collected through informal interviewing as well as in depth interviews. Qualitative research enables researcher to highlight detailed and in depth snapshots of the participants under study.Quantitative research is grounded in the positivists social acquisition paradigm that primary reflects the scientific method of the natural science.The quantitative approach to research usually involves statistical analysis. The data can be derived from questionnaire survey, manifestation or from secondary sources .The main quantitative methods for conference data are Questionnaires Non-participant observation SurveysVeal (1992) believes that these two approaches complement each other and even that qualitative research should be based on initial qualitative work. Webster, Stephen, Marshall and William (2004) also argue that the contrasting nature of positivism and phenomenological approaches c an be utilize to complement each other. The feasibility of these statements can be backed up with the mixed method approach discussed by Jennings (2002), who states that this type of research is often used to gather information on the tourism phenomenon, which in some extent is migration process.3.2.2 Data Gathering Methods3.2.2.1 shield StudiesCase studies are a complex research activity, which involves the through analysis of a single unit- a person, or a company. However, this method does not depart the researcher to apply theory developed to other similar cases.3.2.2.2 InterviewsInterviews have been likened to talks they are merely one of the many ways in which two people talk to one another . There are major prefers to using to using interviews. Researcher can collect more information and more complex information, response rate is generally very thoroughly and can use recording equipment. Also, interviewer can take a note of body language, gestures or facial expression of the interviewee . However interviews can be difficult to arrange, might be time consuming and quite tollly.There is a range of interview types that can be applied when gathering information. Understand or in depth interviews are those interview where there is no formal chronicle. The interviewer has the idea about the issues and might have a list of relevant topics and these are merely used as a guide . Main disadvantage about using those types of interviews is that they come up as a bit of a challenge. Interviewer has to be experienced and leas the conversation in order to gather relevant data. Veal (1992) mentions that in order to conduct a acceptable in depth interview researcher has to have the skills of a good investigate journalist. For those who do not posses such skills, semis-structured interviews might be another option. According to Jennnings(2001) semi-structured interviews can be used by both qualitative methodologies. Those interviews still remain in the way of con versation type however the interviewer has a prompt list of issues that focus the interaction. The main advantages of such interview are that the questions are not specifically predetermined therefore the researcher is still able to direct further clarification on the particular issue . Also the semi-structured schedule provides a more relaxed interview setting.Due to a nature of the topic, an interview was not chosen as a method of gathering primary data. In order to complete the research many opinions have to be gathered and that can not be possibly done using interview method. Also, because the research country is quite a bit off from the UK, it would be vary difficult to match times with every interviewee and also very costly (air-ticket, accommodation, food, etc).3.2.2.3 Focus GroupsInstead of interviewing participants individually, study participants individually, study participants are interviewed together . According to Veal (1992) groups usually comprises between 5 and 12 people. According to Jennings (2001) focus groups are used when the researcher believes that the interaction between group members will add to the richness of data collected.The main advantage of focus groups lies in the hypothesis between people, generation of new by the participants and the degree of flexibility to follow trends or issues. However, same as in depth interviews focus groups require an experienced facilitator to lead the discussion differently it may vector sum in stronger personalities dominating the session. It was mostly the lack of experience that drove the decision of not using focus groups approach as the method for gathering information.3.2.2.4 ObservationObservation can be participant or not participant, in either way researcher is discover the surroundings around him. In participant observation researcher becomes a participant in the process that is being studied.A participant observation raises a number of problems such as admittance to the particular site of observation and when admitted the way researcher should handle the activity . In the case participant observation is not realistic option because of the nature of research topic. Furthermore, non participant observation is not possible as the subject is not related for example to the length of the queue for breakfast, but requires educated population opinion and attitude.3.2.2.5 SurveysSurveys generally ask who, what, how many, or where. They tend to include relatively large samples and wide fields of study, often using questionnaire or measure interviews. Surveys provide a good what to summarize the status of large group of individuals, companies, etc. (Johns and Lee-Ross, 1998-58)According to Jennings (2001) surveys are methods of data collection in which information is gathered through oral or written questioning. Surveys may also include egotism- correct questionnaires administered by post, e-mail or in person as well as structured interviews carried out in person or over the telephone. Surveys completed in person can use interviewer completed questionnaires as the tool to gather information. Mail or email surveys use questionnaires to gather data. Pilot surveys, which are small trail runs of a big survey, are often carried to try our wording of questions, the understanding of terms used, to leaven sequencing of questions and to gain a preliminary estimate of the likely response rate.A pilot is a simple way of testing whether the articulation of the method(s) selected for use in a research programme is adequate to meeting research objectives. (Clark, Riley, Wilkie and Wood,2003)3.2.2.6 QuestionnairesQuestionnaires rely quite heavily on respondents being literate or familiar with the language used in questionnaire . Questionnaires can be used only when respondents are available and willing to participate as research subjects. The main advantages of using questionnaires areCan cover a large number of peopleRelatively cheapAvoids respondents emb arrassmentPossible anonymity of respondentNo interview biasWhen using questionnaires to perform primary data collection it is very important to remember some major disadvantages of using that method. First of it is very difficult to design a perfect questionnaire from a very first time. Bell (1992) suggests that producing a really good questionnaire is harder than it might be imagined. Another problem with questionnaire is regarding the actual questions itself, which have to be relatively simple.The advantage of questionnaire being anonymous can bring also a disadvantage of not being able offer help if indispensable. The major advantage to use questionnaires is that the reliability and validity of data collected depend upon respondents memories and forthrightness . Generally questionnaires are used when the researcher is specific on the subjects of the investigation the research is covering a relatively large number of people gathering facts or opinions or when the researcher is tr ying to establish the extent of something . Special data processing is often needed because of the considerable amount of missing data or simply to prize data received and present it in graphs/charts .Questionnaires may be self employed or interviewer completed. The interviewer completed questionnaires give an opportunity for facial expression to face interaction, which can contribute to increased participation it can also bring it clarification sought by the respondent regarding language problems or terms used . However, that sort of activity would involve high travel cost and tends to be rather time consuming, as well as refuses the possibility of anonymity. Whereas self completed questionnaires at their own time peace. On contrary, respondents are not able to seek assistance or clarification on the questions if needed. Respondents may not understand the language of the questionnaire and therefore it may result in questionnaire being partly completed or non-completed at all, whi ch would lower the response rate .For this particular research it was decided to develop a structured questionnaire and take survey as many emigrate from Bangladesh as possible.In total target are 200 interviews participation from emigrate person from Bangladesh in this survey via email, face to face interview.3.2.3 haveSampling is a process that involves the selection of some members of the large population . In most survey research and some observational research it is incumbent to sample. Usually sampling approach is used where research is concerned with a very wide group of population . Clark, Riley, Wilkie and Wood (2003) suggest that samples are frequently studied in order to learn something about the characteristics of the larger groups of which they are part.Sampling can be random and non-random. The key shoot a line of non-random sampling is that items for research are chosen not randomly but purposively . Random sampling is a sampling technique where a group of subject s for a study is selected by the researcher from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by a break and each member of the population has a chance of being include in the sample . In the non-random s