Models of Addiction Essay Example for Free

Models of Addiction Essay The three models of addiction examined in this week’s readings include the medical model, the psychosocial model, and the disease of the human spirit model. The medical model â€Å"rests on the assumption that disease states are the result of a biological dysfunction, possibly one on the cellular or even molecular level† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Many consider this model and â€Å"maintain that much of human behavior is based on the interaction between the individual’s biological predisposition and the environment† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Individuals under this model view free will â€Å"as an illusion† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 33). There is controversy regarding this model as â€Å"to the degree to which the individual’s genetic heritage actually serves to predispose the individual to a substance use disorder, and how much of this is the result of psychosocial factors† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 344). The disease model does appear to govern the way in which substance abuse disorders are considered and treated in the United States. The psychosocial models of substance use proponents suggest that it is interlinked with the medical model in that both â€Å"admit that there is a major psychosocial component to the addictions† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). Psychosocial proponents state that â€Å"addictions are learned behavior(s), poor psychosocial functioning, or the result of maladaptive thinking† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 345). It is suggested that the pharmaceutical industry may be responsible for ‘disease mongering’ to help promote the sales of drugs said to cure proposed diseases, therefore promoting the disease model. Some believe we are obscuring unacceptable behavior and calling them diseases suggesting that we have â€Å"become a nation of blamers, whiners, and victims, all too happy, when we get a chance, to pass the buck to somebody else for our troubles† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 46). Multiple theoretical models were offered: moral model, temperance model, spiritual model, dispositional disease model, educational model, characterological model, general systems model, and the medical model. In considering all the models that propose to offer insight in the factors to consider with addiction, â€Å"each perspective fails to completely explain all of the facets of the SUDs adequately† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 352). The third model of substance use disorders presented is the disease of the human spirit. This model suggests that as we enter the burdens and trials of life and become ungrounded with pain or voids in our lives we allow ourselves to feel pity and open ourselves up to our inwardly sinful nature. â€Å"It is at this point that some recoil in horror and become spiritual narcissists: self-centered, unwilling to see any reason to deny the â€Å"self† any desire or pleasure† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 357). This model believes that all individuals â€Å"all start out with hope, faith and fortitude† but when exposed to the ills of the world some â€Å"turn to chemicals to fill the perceived void within or to ease their pain† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 61). When considering spiritual bankruptcy and void in the life of an addict, despair comes to mind. When an individual feels despair they are unable to consider anything else but what is happening in the present and often appear desperate. Literature supports that â€Å"people are also spiritual beings who are either actively or passively involved in a relationship with a Higher Being† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 353). When a person is spiritually bankrupt they have lost moral direction and often begin to make poor, self-pleasing choices and have chosen a passive relationship with their Higher Being. Addicts are searching for something to fill them with the joy and wholeness they have replaced with the unconditional love of Christ. The prevalence of addiction based on my readings suggests that illicit drugs, marijuana, and narcotics are readily available on the streets. â€Å" In the United States it has been estimated that 2000 people use cocaine for the first time each day† and that â€Å"nationally 5-10% of the population, or about 30 million people, have abused cocaine at least once† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 110). It is disturbing that the literature is able to quote statistics on children using these substances at such a young age. Literature supports that the use of hallucinogens seems to be declining in the United States, however, â€Å"it was estimated that 943,000 persons over the age of 12 abused a hallucinogenic compound for the first time in the year 2007† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 166). Also mentioned was â€Å"the average age at which individuals begin to smoke marijuana in the United States is around 18-19 year of age† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 124). Another disturbing fact regarding substances on the streets is the consideration that many of the substances vary in amount of substance such that individuals may not realize the quantity or quality of the substance they are ingesting.

Shades of Madness and Insanity in Yellow Wallpaper, A Worn Path, and Mulatto :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

Varying Shades of Insanity in Yellow Wallpaper, A Worn Path, and Mulatto  Ã‚     Ã‚   The human psyche is a very complex, intricate thing. Why does one person act one way, while another acts completely differently? I have read three stories that have given me insight on this subject. They are "The Yellow Wallpaper" by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty, and Mulatto by Langston Hughes. In each of these stories, the main character exhibits a peculiar personality trait, but each stems from a different experience. "The Yellow Wallpaper" is a story of a married woman, Jane, who suffers from a debilitating nervous condition. This story is based on a cure for the disease, called the "rest cure." Dr. S. Weir Mitchell developed this treatment which required confining the patient to a hotel, hospital, or a residence that was isolated from much human contact, such as the one described in the story. The patient was to have complete bed rest, a drastic change in diet, and sometimes even electric shock therapy. Charlotte Perkins Gilman had experienced this treatment in her own life, so she had first-hand knowledge of what she was writing about in this story (Gilman 491). The setting of this story is a room in a house in which Jane lives for a summer with her husband John, who is a physician. The room is large, almost the size of the entire floor. She is on medication, "phosphates or phosphites-- whichever it is," for her condition, and she has been forbidden to work (Gilman 491). Unfortunately, she was also not allowed to write, which was a deprivation of the only outlet she had. Therefore, on most days, she spent her time in that room with nothing to do except look at the four walls. In the beginning of the story we can sense that maybe she is a little crazy. She describes the house as if it is a castle. Then she says that "there is something strange about the house-- I can feel it" (Gilman 492). Next, we learn of the intriguing yellow wallpaper. The wallpaper, at first, is her nemesis. She begs John to repaper the room; it scares her. "The paper looks to her as if it knew what a vicious influence it had" (Gilman 494). In her perception, the paper has eyes and exerts some sort of power over her.

Critique Oedipus Rex

Yair Lopez Prof. Madara 2/27/2012 Section 07 Critique of Oedipus Rex Is Oedipus Rex one of the most important pieces of literature of all time? This Athenian tragedy was written by Sophocles and was first performed in 449 BC. This piece is about a king named Oedipus who in the course of the story finds out that he killed his father and married his mother.I enjoyed a lot of parts of this story especially when he made the decision you leave Corinth because he was told about the prophecy and when he was worried about the Thebe’s citizens and wanted to do anything possible to end their suffering; however I was not too excited about the ending of the story. The Story began with Oedipus being surrounded by Thebes’s citizens who were suffering because of a plague that was invading their territory. In order for the plague to be gone an oracle said that the murderer of Laius must be driven out.In a long quest to find Laius’s murderer Tiresias, a blind prophet, reveals to Oedipus that he is the one that killed Laius, who is his father, and married Jocasta, his mother. When they finally found out that the prophecy was right, Jocasta killed herself and Oedipus took his eyes off. This would summarize most important parts of this classic piece. One of the things I liked in this story is the decision of Oedipus of leaving his hometown Corinth because he thought that that way he was going to protect the ones he thought who were his parents (942-957).I personally admired this character’s decision because it is not easy to leave your hometown with the people you love for their own safety. If I was in Oedipus’s predicament I really wouldn’t knew what to do. He proved that he is the kind of person that does whatever it takes for the safety of their love ones and a person with the mentality should be praised. This is one of the events I liked the most in this masterpiece. Another event that I enjoyed was when he cared about his citizens and wanted the plague to be over to end their suffering (249-320).Not too many kings are known for their caring and consideration of their own people, but Oedipus proved that he is not the stereotypical cruel king and he wanted to do everything he could to end his people’s suffering. Nowadays we have in some countries presidents that really care about neither the health nor the life of their citizens. In my opinion, in order to be an admirable leader, that person must care about their people jus like if they were their own family and Oedipus in this is the perfect example of an admirable and honorable leader.With leaders like him this this world would be a better place. This event is the one I most like about this story because we don’t see too many king concerning about their people like Oedipus did. In every story there’s a part that the reader either doesn’t like or knows that something could be better. In my opinion, the end of the story could be a lot b etter than what it is. The story ends with Jocasta committing suicide and Oedipus taking his eyes off (1475-1586). During the whole story I was thinking of how will the story end and was impatiently waiting to read the ending of the story.When I finished reading the story I was disappointed and I started thinking in better endings that this story could have. Every story is always recognized in the way it ends because that’s the part that the reader is always waiting for and the whole reason we read the entire piece is to knoe the end of all the drama. With this being said, a better ending of this story in my opinion would transform this from a good to a great literary piece. This was the only thing I disliked about the story, but unfortunately for me the ending is the most important part of the story.In conclusion, Oedipus Rex is a very entertaining and enjoyable piece of literature who could be a little better by just putting more effort and creativity. The answer to the que stion stated in the introduction is that is definitely one of the best literary pieces ever, but the best of all time is too much for it. However, if I has to recommend a book this one will be without a doubt one of my considerations, especially to a politician, even though I know they will be disappointed with the ending of it. Work Cited Page Oedipus Rex. Vol. 1. Ed. Peter Simon. Second ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. , 1956. 570-613. Print.

Literature Review History Of Warrantless Searches

LITERATURE REVIEW History of Warrantless Searches A warrantless search is a search and seizure of a person and/or property without a search warrant. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which is designed to protect privacy and prevent unreasonable search and seizure, restricts warrantless searches. The Amendment also states that in order to obtain a search warrant there must be probable cause as well as a description of the item being searched for and the people or property that may be seized. The history of warrantless searches in the United States started with only Thirteen Colonies. The British Empire were able to search homes and businesses with a warrant. The United States Government created the Fourth Amendment to stop all warrantless searches. The Fourth Amendment has been subject to interpretation from the executive and judicial branches of the United States. There are situations during wartime or martial law when they will not need a warrant to search or seize anything. During the 1940- 1970’s the CIA and NSA were able to intercept information without a warrant. There have been many times in the United States when the government has monitor Americans or immigrants from another county. Since the attacks against the United States from terrorist, we have seen the outcome of the government monitoring them. Future attacks have been prevented thanks to technology and warrantless searches. The later part of 1970’s the United States SenateShow MoreRelatedThe Intelligence Communities Lessons Learned3627 Words   |  15 Pagesoccurred through to present day; regarding specifically information sharing. The review of literature in this paper focused to two questions: (1) Has the Intelligence Community improved its information sharing since 9/11? (2) What changes have taken place and what has been the impact of those changes? For the younger generation, September 11, 2001 is the generational event that defined a turning point in their history; it has been compared to the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Both historicalRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pagesmulti-tier server systems, cloud computing, mobile digital platform and wireless technologies, and public key encryption, among many others. From the literature on ethics and society, we use important concepts such as intellectual property, privacy, information rights and rights management, governance, public health, and welfare. From the literature on business, we use concepts such as business process design, return on investment, strategic advantage, industry competitive environment, oligopoly